Nhoroondo yeasingawanzo epasi magineti emagetsi

Rare Earth elements (rare earth permanent magnets) zvinhu gumi nenomwe zvesimbi zviri pakati petafura yeperiodic (nhamba dzeatomu 21, 39, uye 57-71) zvine fluorescent, conductive, uye magineti zvisina kujairika izvo zvinoita kuti dzisapindirana nesimbi dzinozivikanwa seIron) inobatsira zvikuru kana yakasanganiswa kana yakasanganiswa mune zvishoma. Geologically kutaura, zvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi hazvisi zvishoma. Madhipoziti emasimbi aya anowanikwa munzvimbo zhinji dzenyika, uye mamwe maelementi aripo muhuwandu hwakafanana nemhangura kana tini. Nekudaro, zvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi hazvisati zvambowanikwa munzvimbo dzakakwirira zvakanyanya uye zvinowanzosanganiswa pamwe chete kana nezvinhu zvine radioactive zvakaita seuranium. Izvo kemikari zvimiro zvezvisingawanzo zvepasi zvinhu zvinoita kuti zviome kuparadzanisa kubva kune zvakatenderedza zvinhu, uye izvi zvivakwa zvinogadzira Izvo zvakaoma kuchenesa. Nzira dzekugadzira dziripo iye zvino dzinoda kuwanda kweore uye dzinogadzira marara akawanda ane ngozi kuti abvise simbi shoma shoma dzepasi, nemarara kubva mukugadzirisa nzira dzinosanganisira mvura ine radioactive, chepfu fluorine uye acids.

Magineti ekutanga echigarire akawanikwa aive mamineral aipa simba remagineti rakagadzikana. Kutozosvikira pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi 19, magineti akanga asina kusimba, asina kugadzikana, uye akagadzirwa nesimbi yekabhoni. Muna 1917, Japan yakawana cobalt magineti simbi, iyo yakavandudza. Kuita kwemagineti echigarire kwakaramba kuchivandudzika kubva pavakawanikwa. Kune Alnicos (Al/Ni/Co alloys) muma1930s, shanduko iyi yakaratidzwa muhuwandu hwekuwedzera kwesimba chigadzirwa (BH) max, iyo yakavandudza zvakanyanya kunaka kweiyo magineti echigarire, uye kune yakapihwa vhoriyamu yemagineti, Kuwanda kwesimba rinokwanisa Kushandurwa kuita simba rinogona kushandiswa mumashini uchishandisa magineti.

Yekutanga magineti yeferrite yakawanikwa netsaona muna 1950 murabhoritari yefizikisi yePhilips Industrial Research muNetherlands. Mubatsiri akaigadzira nekukanganisa - aifanirwa kugadzirira imwe sampu yekudzidza semiconductor zvinhu. Yakawanikwa kuti yaive chaiyo magineti, saka yakapfuudzwa kune timu yekutsvagisa magineti. Nekuda kwekuita kwayo kwakanaka semagineti uye yakaderera mutengo wekugadzira. Sezvo zvakadaro, yaive Philips-yakagadziridzwa chigadzirwa chakaratidza kutanga kwekukurumidza kuwedzera kwekushandiswa kwemagineti asingagumi.

Muma1960, magineti ekutanga epasi asingawanzo(rare earth permanent magnets)akagadzirwa kubva kune alloys e lanthanide element, yttrium. Ndiwo akasimba echigarire magineti ane yakakwira saturation magnetization uye yakanaka kuramba demagnetization. Kunyangwe iwo achidhura, asina kusimba uye asingashande pakupisa kwakanyanya, ivo vari kutanga kutonga pamusika sezvo maapplication avo anowedzera kukosha. Huridzi hwemakomputa emunhu hwakapararira muma1980s, izvo zvaireva kudiwa kukuru kwemagineti echigarire emadhiraivha.

Alloys akadai samarium-cobalt akagadzirwa pakati pemakore ekuma1960 nechizvarwa chekutanga cheshanduko yesimbi uye isingawanzo pasi, uye mukupera kwema1970, mutengo wecobalt wakakwira zvakanyanya nekuda kwekusagadzikana kwezvinhu muCongo. Panguva iyoyo, epamusoro samarium-cobalt anogara magineti (BH) max aive akakwira uye nharaunda yekutsvagisa yaifanira kutsiva aya magineti. Makore mashomanana gare gare, muna 1984, kugadzirwa kwemagineti asingagumi kwakavakirwa paNd-Fe-B yakatanga kukurudzirwa naSagawa et al. Kushandisa poda metallurgy tekinoroji kuSumitomo Special Metals, uchishandisa iyo yakanyunguduka kutenderera maitiro kubva kuGeneral Motors. Sezvinoratidzwa pamufananidzo uri pazasi, (BH) max yakavandudzika kweanoda kusvika zana, kutanga pa ≈1 MGOe yesimbi uye kusvika pa56 MGOe yemagineti eNdFeB mumakore makumi maviri apfuura.

Kusimba mukuita kwemaindasitiri kwave kukoshesa nguva pfupi yadarika, uye zvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi, izvo zvakazivikanwa nenyika sezvishandiso zvakakosha nekuda kwenjodzi yazvo yekupa uye kukosha kwehupfumi, zvakavhura nzvimbo dzekutsvagisa mune itsva isingawanzo-isina pasi magineti echigarire. Imwe nzira yekutsvagisa inokwanisika ndeyekutarisa kumashure kune ekutanga kugadzirwa magineti echigarire, magineti eferrite, uye nekuadzidza zvakare uchishandisa ese maturusi matsva uye nzira dziripo mumakumi emakore apfuura. Masangano akati wandei ave kushanda pamapurojekiti matsva ekutsvagisa ayo anotarisira kutsiva magineti epasi-epasi nemamwe magineti akasvibira, anoshanda zvakanyanya.